Investigations on the optical forces from three mainstream optical resonances in all-dielectric nanostructure arrays

• Guangdong Wang and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 674–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.53

• perpendicular to and pointing toward the outside of the surface, and ⟨Tij⟩ is the time-averaged MST [18] defined by where the indices i and j denote x, y, or z components of the electric or magnetic field; εr and μr are the relative permittivity and the relative permeability of the surrounding medium

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• Equation 3 to the general constitutive relation for a linear isotropic material given by Equation 4, we get the relation in Equation 5. εr is the relative permittivity of the material and ε0 the permittivity of free space. For frequencies close to ωp, the temporal duration of damping (quantified by the

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• vacuum, εav = 1.95 is the averaged relative permittivity of the SiO2/air interface of the FET [19][29]. Also, w = 550 nm, t = 50 nm, and L = 5.97 µm are the diameter of the nanostructure, the thickness of the nanostructure, and the length of the FET channel, respectively. The thickness of the dielectric

• is the relative permittivity of t-Te [36]. Considering both TA and NNH conduction mechanisms, it is possible to extract some of the abovementioned parameters by fitting the resistivity data of NW-1 and NW-2 (Figure 5) with ρ(T) = 1/[σTA(T) + σNNH(T)]. This model explains well our NW-1 and NW-2 data

• effective mass [38][39]. However, the very large relative permittivity of t-Te, εr = 53.5, should also be considered. The temperature dependence of the hole mobility in t-Te one-dimensional nanostructures has not been reported to the best of our knowledge. However, for bulk crystals and temperatures above

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• on eigenmode ω1, and where the first harmonic of the electrostatic responses occurs on eigenmode ω2. We also compare the performance in air vs liquid (e.g., water), where both the transfer function of the cantilever changes (reducing Q enhancement at the eigenmodes) and the relative permittivity

• of Capacitance Gradient and Amplitude In this paper, we follow the approach originally employed by Nonnenmacher et al. [2] where the capacitance gradient is based on a sphere of radius R at a distance z from the surface such that and where e0 and er are the vacuum and relative permittivity

• conditions in air. For water, the increased relative permittivity increases the SNR of all modes. As such AM-, DH-, and ED-based modes are viable for ωoff for z < 100 nm and z < 18 nm for Het-, Het-DH-, and HM-based modes. This grouping remains largely unchanged when operated on ω1 with viability at z < 100

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• thermal drift between darkness and illumination. In the case of semiconductors, an electric field is screened on the scale of the Debye length LD [3], where kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, εr is the relative permittivity of the semiconductor, e is the

Tunable high-quality-factor absorption in a graphene monolayer based on quasi-bound states in the continuum

• Jun Wu,
• Yasong Sun,
• Feng Wu,
• Biyuan Wu and
• Xiaohu Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.59

• Fermi level, ω is the angular frequency, e is the elementary charge, and τ is the carrier relaxation lifetime. In our simulation, the permittivity of the graphene monolayer is described by: where ε0 is the relative permittivity of vacuum, and hg is the thickness of the graphene, which is assumed to be

• medium, the time-averaged power loss density is described by [59]: dPloss/dV = 1/2ε0ω·Im (ε(ω))|E|2, where Im(ε) denotes the imaginary part of relative permittivity and E is the electric field. Thus, the strong electric intensity enhancement inside the dielectric grating will boost light absorption in

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• potential distribution diagram of the triboelectric materials of a TENG at a distance of 1 mm. Due to the influence of the relative permittivity, the material with the lower relative permittivity is negatively charged, while the other triboelectric material is positively charged. When the distance between

• , when the distance between the triboelectric materials is large enough, a change of the gas jet cross section has only little effect on the TENG potential. The simulation results also show that the type of gas influences the potential of the TENG depending on the relative permittivity of the gas. This

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• ; electrostatic force microscopy (EFM); natural photonic crystals; relative permittivity; structural colors; Introduction The dielectric constant, or relative permittivity, is a fundamental physical property that is crucial for describing various biological, chemical, or physical phenomena. It is a material

• natural photonic crystals remain essentially undetermined due to the great difficulties in measuring the dielectric response at the nanometric scale [11]. The nanometric local relative permittivity of a natural photonic crystal has not been directly measured yet. Fumagalli et al. [12][13][14][15], and

• Riedel et al. [16] developed several techniques of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) to extract the relative permittivity at the nanoscale, allowing for new fields to be explored. Here we use EFM to map the relative permittivity of nanostructures within the wings of the Chalcopteryx rutilans damselfly

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• the theoretical analysis of the TENG [53], where σ is the surface triboelectric charge density, d is the interlayer distance, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, and εr is the relative permittivity of the PTFE layer. The standstill deformation gives rise to the saturated output voltage in the inelastic

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• at the trapping voltage of each particle. For the simulations, a conductivity of 21.3 µS·cm−1 and a relative permittivity of 78.4 for the suspension medium were used, while the substrate was assumed to be an insulator due to the low conductivity of PDMS [58]. The nonlinear empirical electrophoretic

Plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple independently tunable Fano resonances

• Lin Cheng,
• Zelong Wang,
• Xiaodong He and
• Pengfei Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2527–2537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.243

• dielectric in the waveguide and cavities is air, of which the relative permittivity is εd = 1. The metal is silver, with permittivity εm characterized by the Drude model covering the wavelength range of 1000 to 2000 nm [25] represented by where ε∞ = 3.7 is the electric constant at the infinite angular

Multiple Fano resonances with flexible tunablity based on symmetry-breaking resonators

• Xiao bin Ren,
• Kun Ren,
• Ying Zhang,
• Cheng guo Ming and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2459–2467, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.236

• is W0. A metal wall with the thickness t is placed inside the MDM waveguide. The grey parts in Figure 1 stand for metal (εm). Both the metal wall and the background metal are silver the complex relative permittivity of which is characterized by the Drude model, where ω is the angular frequency of

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• dielectric, S the surface of electrodes and ε’ (often named k in the industry of microelectronics) is the dielectric constant (more rigorously called relative permittivity). As seen by this equation, the insulating gate capacitance Ci is directly proportional to ε’. Typically, for parylene C ε’ = 3.15 (at 1

Electrostatic force microscopy for the accurate characterization of interphases in nanocomposites

• Diana El Khoury,
• Richard Arinero,
• Jean-Charles Laurentie,
• Mikhaël Bechelany,
• Michel Ramonda and
• Jérôme Castellon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2999–3012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.279

• underlying this approach. This second approach is suitable to define the interphase relative dielectric permittivity, but only by comparison with that of the particle + matrix assembly. It can thus only indicate whether the interphase permittivity is higher or lower than the relative permittivity of the

• 2, in approach 3, the comparison was between samples that model nanodielectrics with and without an interphase and in which the total shell thickness was kept constant. This removed any confusion due to the sample topography, and consequently the relative permittivity of the shell material became

Time-resolved universal temperature measurements using NaYF₄:Er³⁺,Yb³⁺ upconverting nanoparticles in an electrospray jet

• Kristina Shrestha,
• Arwa A. Alaulamie,
• Ali Rafiei Miandashti and
• Hugh H. Richardson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2916–2924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.270

• at the tip of a cone marked with red circle in Figure 5A. The WGMs appears in a spectral region extending from 400 to 495 nm (20000–25000 cm−1) and can be used to calculate the cavity radius using the equation where ω is the angular frequency, c is the speed of light, ε and μ are relative

• permittivity and permeability of water, l is an integer, and a is the radius of the WGM cavity [39][40]. The plot of wavenumbers of WGM peaks vs as a function of l + 1/2 is shown in Figure 6B. The slope from a linear fit is used to calculate the cavity radius of 2.87 ± 0.02 μm. The Q-factor of the WGM cavity

Site-controlled formation of single Si nanocrystals in a buried SiO₂ matrix using ion beam mixing

• Xiaomo Xu,
• Thomas Prüfer,
• Daniel Wolf,
• Hans-Jürgen Engelmann,
• Lothar Bischoff,
• René Hübner,
• Karl-Heinz Heinig,
• Wolfhard Möller,
• Stefan Facsko,
• Johannes von Borany and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2883–2892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.267

• temperature, the diameter of an individual Si NC, 2rNC, has to be smaller than 5.7 nm. The other factors are the unit charge e and ε0 and εr = 3.9 are the vacuum permittivity and the relative permittivity of silicon dioxide, respectively. Recently, advanced lithographic methods [21] and directed self-assembly

Contactless photomagnetoelectric investigations of 2D semiconductors

• Marian Nowak,
• Marcin Jesionek,
• Barbara Solecka,
• Piotr Szperlich,
• Piotr Duka and
• Anna Starczewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2741–2749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.256

• case, the energy position of the Fermi level of graphene was modulated by the field effect through the 170 μm thick PET foil. The relative permittivity of PET is ε = 3.5 at 71 kHz [42]. Figure 6b shows the PME voltage induced in the measuring coil as a function of the back-gate bias. The inserts depict

Enhancement of X-ray emission from nanocolloidal gold suspensions under double-pulse excitation

• Wei-Hung Hsu,
• Frances Camille P. Masim,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Hsin-Hui Huang,
• Tetsu Yonezawa,
• Aleksandr A. Kuchmizhak,
• Saulius Juodkazis and
• Koji Hatanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2609–2617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.242

• [26], respectively. Theory: Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ)-Material A strong generation of X-rays is related to a large amount of absorbed energy and a high temperature [3][4]. In terms of relative permittivity (dielectric constant), εr, a transparent medium (water) with colloidal gold nanoparticles

Tailoring polarization and magnetization of absorbing terahertz metamaterials using a cut-wire sandwich structure

• Hadi Teguh Yudistira,
• Shuo Liu,
• Tie Jun Cui and
• Han Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1437–1447, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.136

• (n) are the two main parameters that describe the EM properties of a material and can be defined as and , respectively, where εr and μr are the relative permittivity, and relative permeability, respectively. The relative permittivity of the material can be defined as εr = 1 + (P / εrE ), and the

• relative permeability can be defined as μr = 1 + M / H, where E, H, P, and M are the electric field, magnetic field, polarization, and magnetization [12], respectively. Magnetization and polarization are two factors that can be used to tailor the relative permeability and relative permittivity

Nanoscale mapping of dielectric properties based on surface adhesion force measurements

• Ying Wang,
• Yue Shen,
• Xingya Wang,
• Zhiwei Shen,
• Bin Li,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 900–906, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.84

• liquid interfacial tension, θ0 is the contact angle at zero external voltage, and d, εr and ε0 are the thickness, relative permittivity of the dielectric layer, and the absolute dielectric permittivity of vacuum, respectively. Hence, the adhesion force between the AFM tip and the sample is affected by

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• is the relative permittivity and r = 0.165 nm [33] is the typical cut-off distance. According to calculations, the average values of vdW force between the molecules are around 13 nN. This value allows validating AFM measurements (Figure 3b). Therefore, vdW forces remain one of the main interactions

The effect of the electrical double layer on hydrodynamic lubrication: a non-monotonic trend with increasing zeta potential

• Dalei Jing,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Xiaoming Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1515–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.152

• = [2n0c2e2/(εε0kBT)]1/2 (n0 is the original bulk ion concentration of the lubricant, c is the chemical valence of free ions in the lubricant, e is the elementary charge, ε is the lubricant’s relative permittivity, and ε0 is vacuum’s absolute dielectric constant) is the reciprocal of the Debye length, z is

Computing the T-matrix of a scattering object with multiple plane wave illuminations

• Martin Fruhnert,
• Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton,
• Vassilios Yannopapas and
• Carsten Rockstuhl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 614–626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.66

• are zero. Let us consider a single dielectric sphere with a radius of 100 nm and a relative permittivity of 16 in vacuum. The Mie-coefficients of this sphere for the first two orders are non-negligible at 600 THz. Such a high-permittivity sphere is nowadays at the focus of interest since it sustains a

Large area scanning probe microscope in ultra-high vacuum demonstrated for electrostatic force measurements on high-voltage devices

• Urs Gysin,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Thomas Schmölzer,
• Adolf Schöner,
• Sergey Reshanov,
• Holger Bartolf and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2485–2497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.258

• build in potential (Vb) and the width of the SCR (W): where x corresponds to the distance from the p/n-junction. The total width of such an abrupt SCR is given by: where N is ND or NA depending on whether NA >> ND or vice versa and ε = 9.66 is the relative permittivity of SiC. For the case discussed

Attenuation, dispersion and nonlinearity effects in graphene-based waveguides

• Almir Wirth Lima Jr.,
• João Cesar Moura Mota and
• Antonio Sergio Bezerra Sombra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1221–1228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.125

• (t) of the graphene nanoribbon, given as [15][16]: In a graphene nanoribbon embedded in a substrate with relative permittivity εr, the TM modes are dominant. Considering the nonretarded regime (q >> ω/c, where c is the speed of light in air), the equation for the dispersion relation for graphene